Andrew K. Przybylski, Richard M. Ryan, and C. Scott Rigby undertook six studies at the University of Rochester (NY) going on the belief that violence adds little to enjoyment or motivation for typical players. The results of “The Motivating Role of Violence in Video Games” printed in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin in February 2009 showed that “enjoyment, value, and desire for future play were robustly associated with the experience of autonomy and competence in gameplay;” in other words, the complexity of games is more highly valued than carnage.